Sumário

Sumário
PREFACE.................................................................................................................. 23
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 25
Chapter 1
LGBTQI+ INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR ACCESS TO RIGHTS ................. 31
1.1. FIGHTING FOR THE RIGHT TO BE ONESELF: A (NOT SO)
RECENT HISTORY............................................................................................... 31
1.1.1. Stonewall, the needed catalyst ............................................................. 31
1.1.2. The European LGBTQI+ panorama in the twentieth century...... 32
1.2. THEORISING SEXUALITY AND GENDER IDENTITY...................... 34
1.3. VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS........................................................ 40
1.4. CHALLENGING THE STATUS QUO...................................................... 42
Chapter 2
MIGRATION AS A HUMAN RIGHT .............................................................. 47
2.1. FORCED DISPLACEMENT IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY... 47
2.2. ASYLUM POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT...................... 50
2.2.1. The politicisation of asylum-seeking.................................................. 54
2.3. LGBTQI+ ASYLUM SEEKERS AS A PARTICULARLY
VULNERABLE GROUP........................................................................................ 56
2.4. UNHCR: LGBTQI+ INDIVIDUALS AS PART OF A
SOCIAL GROUP .................................................................................................... 60
Chapter 3
A FRAMEWORK OF RIGHTS AND PROTECTION................................... 65
3.1. THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS CONCEPTS...................... 65
3.1.1. The inception of western human rights............................................ 65
3.1.2. The international framework and globalisation.............................. 68
3.1.3. Human rights as an inclusive, multicultural asset.......................... 70
3.2. THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION ... 72
3.3. THE IMPORTANCE OF AN INTERSECTIONAL APPROACH....... 75
3.4. EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROTECTION OF
LGBTQI+ INDIVIDUALS AGAINST DISCRIMINATION.......................... 77
Chapter 4
EUROPEAN LGBTQI+ ASYLUM POLICIES: LITERATURE
DISCUSSION AND THE GERMAN FEDERAL PROGRAMME .............. 83
4.1. RESEARCH DESIGN..................................................................................... 83
4.1.1. The common standards of the systematic research......................... 84
4.1.1.1. University of São Paulo’s Portal ...................................................... 87
4.1.1.2. CAPES Portal ...................................................................................... 88
4.1.1.3. Dedalus................................................................................................. 89
4.1.1.4. HeinOnline.......................................................................................... 89
4.1.1.5. DART-Europe Portal.......................................................................... 90
4.1.1.6. Bielefeld Academic Search Engine.................................................. 91
4.1.2. Selection of documents for the final cut .......................................... 92
4.2. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA........................................ 93
4.2.1. European LGBTQI+ asylum policies: a systematic literature review... 93
4.2.1.1. Europe and the European Union.................................................... 93
4.2.1.2. Austria................................................................................................... 97
4.2.1.3. Belgium................................................................................................. 97
4.2.1.4. Denmark............................................................................................... 98
4.2.1.5. France.................................................................................................... 98
4.2.1.6. Greece.................................................................................................... 99
4.2.1.7. Italy........................................................................................................ 99
4.2.1.8. The Netherlands.................................................................................. 100
4.2.1.9. Norway ................................................................................................. 101
4.2.1.10. Portugal .............................................................................................. 101
4.2.1.11. Serbia................................................................................................... 102
4.2.1.12. Spain ................................................................................................... 102
4.2.1.13. Sweden................................................................................................ 102
4.2.1.14. Switzerland......................................................................................... 103
4.2.1.15. Turkey................................................................................................. 103
4.2.1.16. The United Kingdom ...................................................................... 103
4.2.2. LGBTQI+ asylum seekers and refugees in Germany....................... 105
4.3. DISCUSSION ON THE SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW........ 119
4.4. FINAL OBSERVATIONS ON EUROPEAN LGBTQI+ ASYLUM
POLICIES ................................................................................................................. 128
CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................... 131
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 135
APPENDIX A – INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT................................................... 151